| Symptoms |
Signs |
| Predominantly Related to Volume
Overload |
| Dyspnea (exertional, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, or
at rest); cough; wheezing |
Rales, pleural effusion |
| Foot and leg discomfort |
Peripheral edema (legs, sacral) |
| Abdominal discomfort/bloating; early satiety or anorexia |
Ascites/increased abdominal girth; right upper quadrant pain or
discomfort; hepatomegaly/splenomegaly; scleral icterus |
|
Increased weight |
|
Elevated jugular venous pressure, abdominojugular
reflux |
|
Increasing S3, accentuated P2 |
| Predominantly Related to Hypoperfusion |
| Fatigue |
Cool extremities |
| Altered mental status, daytime drowsiness, confusion, or
difficulty concentrating |
Pallor, dusky skin discoloration, hypotension |
| Dizziness, presyncope, or syncope |
Pulse pressure (narrow)/proportional pulse pressure
(low) |
|
Pulsus alternans |
| Other Signs and Symptoms of Acute Heart
Failure |
| Depression |
Orthostatic hypotension (hypovolemia) |
| Sleep disturbances |
S4 |
| Palpitations |
Systolic and diastolic cardiac murmurs |
Referensi: Braunwald's Heart Disease 8E (Saunders) 2007