Commonly Recognized Presentations of Pneumonia (Manifestasi Klinis Pneumonia yang Sering Dijumpai)

Etiology	Common Symptoms	Common Associations or Findings
S. pneumoniae	Fever, chills, or rigors	Community-acquired
	Productive cough	Usually sporadic
	Chest pain	Large outbreaks possible in those sharing living quarters
		More common in winter
K. pneumoniae	Currant jelly sputum	Alcoholics
	Abrupt onset
	Severe illness
H. influenza	Fever	Common in both children and adults
	Cough	COPD patients
		-Splenectomy patients
S. aureus	Hemoptysis	Intravenous drug users
	Chest pain	Endocarditis
		Septic thrombophebitis
		Indwelling catheters
		After influenza A infection
L. pneumophila	Febrile systemic illness	Exposure to aerosolized water droplets containing bacteria
	Prodrome of fever, malaise	Outbreak can occur if many are exposed
	Nonproductive cough	Can have significant gastrointestinal complaints
M. pneumoniae	Minor respiratory illness with insidious onset	Rash, headache, sore throat, bullous myringitis or other extrapulmonary manifestations
		Young patients
		Occurs in any season
		Outbreaks can occur in those sharing close quarters
C. pneumoniae	Nonproductive cough	More common in children and the elderly
	Fever rare	Rare extrapulmonary infection
	Long incubation period	Sore throat and hoarseness
Influenza	Rapid progression of fever, cough, dyspnea, and cyanosis	Underlying pulmonary or cardiac disorders
Aspiration	Progressive fever	Patients with impaired swallowing ability as in stroke or multiple sclerosis
	Purulent sputum	Patients with altered level of consciousness as in seizure or alcohol intoxication
	Shortness of breath
	Coarse rhonchi over dependent lung zones
P. aeruginosa or other gram-negative bacteria	Abrupt onset of symptoms	COPD patients
	Severe symptoms	Cystic fibrosis patients
H. capsulatum	Self-limited illness	Most people are asymptomatic
	Fever and chill	Found commonly in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
	Fatigue	Most common endemic mycosis in the United States
	Anterior chest discomfort
	Nonproductive cough
P. jiroveci	Insidious onset	Almost exclusively in immunocompromised hosts
	Hacking nonproductive cough	Hypoxia can be severe
	Retrosternal chest tightness
	Dyspnea

Referensi : Infectious Diseases - Emergency Department, Diagnosis & Management (McGraw-Hill) 2008

Tags: Lecture Notes