Etiology | Common Symptoms | Common Associations or Findings |
---|---|---|
S. pneumoniae | Fever, chills, or rigors | Community-acquired |
Productive cough | Usually sporadic | |
Chest pain | Large outbreaks possible in those sharing living quarters | |
More common in winter | ||
K. pneumoniae | Currant jelly sputum | Alcoholics |
Abrupt onset | ||
Severe illness | ||
H. influenza | Fever | Common in both children and adults |
Cough | COPD patients | |
-Splenectomy patients | ||
S. aureus | Hemoptysis | Intravenous drug users |
Chest pain | Endocarditis | |
Septic thrombophebitis | ||
Indwelling catheters | ||
After influenza A infection | ||
L. pneumophila | Febrile systemic illness | Exposure to aerosolized water droplets containing bacteria |
Prodrome of fever, malaise | Outbreak can occur if many are exposed | |
Nonproductive cough | Can have significant gastrointestinal complaints | |
M. pneumoniae | Minor respiratory illness with insidious onset | Rash, headache, sore throat, bullous myringitis or other extrapulmonary manifestations |
Young patients | ||
Occurs in any season | ||
Outbreaks can occur in those sharing close quarters | ||
C. pneumoniae | Nonproductive cough | More common in children and the elderly |
Fever rare | Rare extrapulmonary infection | |
Long incubation period | Sore throat and hoarseness | |
Influenza | Rapid progression of fever, cough, dyspnea, and cyanosis | Underlying pulmonary or cardiac disorders |
Aspiration | Progressive fever | Patients with impaired swallowing ability as in stroke or multiple sclerosis |
Purulent sputum | Patients with altered level of consciousness as in seizure or alcohol intoxication | |
Shortness of breath | ||
Coarse rhonchi over dependent lung zones | ||
P. aeruginosa or other gram-negative bacteria | Abrupt onset of symptoms | COPD patients |
Severe symptoms | Cystic fibrosis patients | |
H. capsulatum | Self-limited illness | Most people are asymptomatic |
Fever and chill | Found commonly in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys | |
Fatigue | Most common endemic mycosis in the United States | |
Anterior chest discomfort | ||
Nonproductive cough | ||
P. jiroveci | Insidious onset | Almost exclusively in immunocompromised hosts |
Hacking nonproductive cough | Hypoxia can be severe | |
Retrosternal chest tightness | ||
Dyspnea |