Fetal causes
|
| Anomalies |
|
| Cardiac |
Atrial or ventricular septal defect, hypoplastic left heart,
pulmonary valve insufficiency, Ebstein subaortic stenosis, dilated heart, A-V
canal defect, single ventricle, Fallot tetralogy, premature closure of foramen
ovale, subendocardial fibroelastosis
|
| Thoracic |
Diaphragmatic hernia, cystic adenomatous malformation, pulmonary
hypoplasia, lung hamartoma, mediastinal teratoma, chylothorax
|
| Gastrointestinal |
Jejunal atresia, midgut volvulus, intestinal malrotation or
duplication, meconium peritonitis
|
| Urological |
Urethral stenosis or atresia, posterior bladder neck
obstruction, bladder perforation, prune belly, neurogenic bladder,
ureterocele
|
| Syndromes |
Thanatophoric dwarfism, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita,
asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, hypophosphatasia, osteogenesis imperfecta,
achondroplasia, achondrogenesis, recessive cystic hygroma, and Neu-Laxova,
Saldino-Noonan, and Pena-Shokeir type I syndromes
|
| Conduction
defects |
Supraventricular tachycardias, heart block (including with
maternal lupus erythematosus)
|
| Miscellaneous |
Cystic hygroma, congenital lymphedema, polysplenia syndrome,
neuroblastoma, tuberous sclerosis, sacrococcygeal teratoma
|
| Aneuploidies |
Trisomy 21 and other trisomies, Turner syndrome,
triploidy
|
| Vascular |
A-V shunts, large vessel thromboses (cava, portal, or femoral
vein), Kasabach-Merritt syndrome
|
| Infections |
Cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, listeriosis,
hepatitis, rubella, parvovirus, leptospirosis, Chagas disease
|
| Multifetal
pregnancy |
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome, twin reverse-arterial perfusion
(TRAP) syndrome
|
| Miscellaneous |
β4-thalassemia
(Bart hemoglobin), twisted ovarian cyst, fetal trauma, anemia, Gaucher disease,
gangliosidosis, sialidosis
|
Placental causes
|
Chorioangioma, fetomaternal hemorrhage, A-V shunts, placenta
trauma with fetal hemorrhage, twin-twin transfusion syndrome
|
Maternal causes
|
|
Medications
|
Indomethacin
|